The Magic Sound

Alexander Graham Bell is famous for the invention of telecommunication, one of the important devices that has helped to build modern live. Born in Edinburg, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. Bell was educated at Edinburg High School and at the Edinburgh Universities of Edinburgh and London. Teaching deaf people was the Bell family’s profession. His grandfather has also taught deaf people in Scotland. Alexander Graham Bell did not only teach the deaf, he did even more than that. He opened a private school to train teachers for the deaf.

At Boston University he studied the sciences of speech and later he became a professor there. In 1874 he started working on his electricity merely to help the deaf. He tried to discover a way through which people could talk other over short distance through a string of wire. So, he experimented to send sound vibrations over long distance by using electricity.

In 1875, after Thomas A. Watson had become his assistant, the two of them found that the vibrations could be send from one place to another by using electronic current. Early in 1876 the first message “Mr. Watson, come here; I want you” was sent successfully by Bell over an electronic wire to Watson two floors above.

Bell’s telephone consisted on two similar instruments; one for the transmitter and the other for the receiver. Each one had an electro-magnet, consisting of a piece iron which was made magnetic by wire carrying an electronic current coiled around it. They are very thin sheet of iron, called line wires, joining the transmitter to the receiver. Speech sound waves caused the diaphragms of the transmitting instrument to vibrate in tune with the vibrations in the transmitter. Thus, the sounds delivered to the receiver were heard coming from the transmitter a long distance away.

Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. What did Bell have in mind when in 1874 he started his effort to invent a device for sending speech?
2. What was the first message Bell sent?
3. What was the function of the coiled around you?
4. Where did Bell study the science of speech?
5. When did Thomas A. Watson become his assistant?
6. How was the transmitter and receiver connected?
7. Mention the instruments of Bell’s telephone!
8. Where was diaphragm put?

Electronic Media

At the end of the nineteenth century newspaper were the main public sources of information. At the end of the twentieth century, was still have newspaper, but they are no longer the main sources of information. Nowadays we have the electronic media, the internet, radio and television.
The electronic media link Indonesia to the rest of the world. The electronic media make us part of global village. If we want to find out what is happening in Europe of the United States, we can listen to satellite TV stations, such as BBC or CNN. We can talk in English to people from all over the world.

In the twenty first century the internet will be the most important source of information. Even now there is so much information on the internet. Soon people will not buy newspaper from kiosks anymore. They will read electronic newspaper on internet. All the television channel will be on the internet. If you get tried of watching TVRI, you will be able to switch to a New York Channel or a channel from Argentina or Ireland.

Answer the following questions based on the reading above!
1. According to the text what are the main sources of information now?
2. Which of the electronic media help us find out what the ordinary people think?
3. According to the writer, what will be the main source of information in the twenty first century?
4. Where will people read electronic newspaper?
5. How can we find out what normal people in many countries think?

Programming Languages

There are many different programming languages. Most programming languages can be used for different applications, although some are better designed for specific uses than others. Many programming languages have long and complicated names which are usually reduced to acronyms. These include ALGOL (Algorithmic Language), a language generally used for scientific programming and APL (A Programming Language), used mainly for mathematical application. There are literally hundreds more programming languages, including BASIC, COBOL, and FORTRAN, which are currently among most popular and frequently used languages.

BAISC, stands for Beginner’s All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was developed in 1965 at Dsrtmouth College by Dr. John Kemeny and Dr. Thomas Kurtz. BASIC was originally designed to be used by college students in many fields. It was also designed to be easier and more versatile than others, more scientific language. In addition, BASIC was designed as an interactive language. An interactive language in one which is much more communicative language allows interaction – type of conversation – between the computer and the user both during the preparation of programs and their execution.

BASIC is much less complicated than other programming languages. As it is easier and friendlier than many other languages, BASIC is the most frequently used programming language among the general population. BASIC continuous to become more and more popular everyday especially for personal and educational uses.

FORTAN, stands for formula Translation and was first developed by IBM from 1954 – 1957. It has since gone through several revisions, and was put into a final and standard form in 1977. FORTAN is more complicated and structured than BASIC and is generally harder to master. It is not designed for interactive purposes, but to express mathematical calculations and scientific formulas as easily and as accurately as possible. FORTAN instructions are stated in a combination of English algebraic formulas. FORTAN is better suited for work with numbers than any other programming languages, and is therefore the most commonly employed language in the scientific and mathematical fields.

COBOL, the acronym for Common Business Oriented Language, is the best and the most popular of all programming languages which have business applications. COBOL was first released in 1960 and was developed to fulfill the needs of both business and government. It has been revised and improved several times, and its present form was approved in 1974. COBOL is more similar to English FORTAN or BASIC. In fact, statements in COBOL are so English – like that they are quite easy to read because they use English verbs such as read, write, add, or subtract to express computer functions.

PASCAL, was first used in the early 1970’s, is not an acronym like BASIC or FORTAN. Rather, Pascal was named for Blaise Pascal, the developer of one of the earliest calculating machines. Pascal, a multipurpose language, can be used for many people feel it will one day be more commonly used for programming micro computers than BASIC.

Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. How many programming languages do you know? Can you mention them?
2. What computer language do most programmers use?
3. What is meant by BASIC as an interactive language?
4. What computer language is mostly used in science?
5. Who first developed FORTAN?
6. When was FORTAN out into standard?
7. How does COBOL expresses the computer functions?
8. Why is FORTAN more difficult to master?

Large System

It is impossible to know how minicomputers and mainframes are related to one another. The difference lies in their processing ability and the capacity of their primary storage. Microcomputers are the smallest, with a primary storage range of 4 to 64 K bytes, as well as the slowest, while minicomputers have a primary storage range 16 to 512 K bytes and greater processing speed. Mainframes are the fastest and can have over 1 M bytes in primary storage. They are commonly used in time sharing systems.

In a time sharing system, many companies log on to the same computer via telephone lines. To do this, a modem should be installed. A modem enables a computer to transmit data over telephone lines. A telephone line used only for data communication is called distributed data processing. The opposite concept – a centrally located computer system – is called centralized data processing.

With distributed data processing, the branch communities with the CPU via a terminal. A terminal located away from the CPU is referred to as a remote device. It can be a visual display or hard copy terminal connected by telephone lines; but it can also be a secondary storage device or even a card reader, that is an input device that transfers data from punched cards to primary storage.

In this case, punch cards are coded in Hollerith code and contain 80 columns in which holes can be punched. There are twelve rows in each column. The pattern of holes in the column determines the character being represented. The holes are punched with a key punch which has a keyboard similar to that of a typewriter. However, only 80 characters can be recorded in a card reader. Of course it is very slow process of input devices; however, for batch processing, it is considered a very useful method of input.

In this respect, supermarkets often use a similar method with which a Universal Product Code (CPU) is printed on a label. The CPU includes information, such as the product, the manufacturer and the price. All of that information from the label. It is in fact a terminal which can be used to keep inventory.

Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. What is the primary storage range of microcomputers?
2. What is commonly used in time sharing systems?
3. What can a modem do?
4. What is meant by dedicated line?
5. What is the difference between “distributed data processing” and centrally located computer system?
6. How are punched cards coded?
7. Why can only 80 characters be recorded on a punched card?
8. What is CPU?

Operating Systems

An application program designed to manipulate data rather than govern the operation of the computer. A group of programs which governs the computer’s operations is called the operating system. With older computer, a computer operator was responsible for taking care of many duties: setting switches on the computer, loading the correct translator, putting data cards, and the like. While these duties being performed, the expensive computer was idle. Thus, it wasted a lot of money.

Therefore, the operating system was designed to reduce the need for human activity and to allow the computer to perform these activities at electronic speed. The operating system is made up of the major programs. The supervisor program, such as the supervisor, translator, and utility programs. The supervisor program, for example, is the most important part of the operating system because it provides overall control of the computer system. There are two types of translators: compilers, which has been previously discussed, and the assemblers. The compilers are supposed to translate a high level language into machine language; and the assemblers translate symbolic language into machine language.

Next is utility program. It performs jobs commonly required in most data processing systems, such as sorting and copying. The operating systems are supplied by computer manufacturer and are usually machine dependent.

There are some other techniques to improve computer efficiency. Multiprogramming, for example, makes it possible to run more than one program at a time. The CPU can perform calculating on one program while other programs are using input and output devices. This makes for greater throughout. Another example is the data base, Functioning as the centralized collection of data. Data base management system is a group of programs that maintains the data base. Look at the system flowchart. It will show how the data flows from one component of the system to another.

Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. What is an applications program?
2. What were the duties of a computer operator in the old days?
3. Why was such a system said to be wasting time?
4. What programs make up the operating system?
5. What does the supervisor program do?
6. What does the utility program do?
7. What is the function of multiprogramming?
8. What is the data base?

Programming Tools

There are a number of rules to follow in writing good programs. Years ago good programs simply ran and got results. However, in today’s world, programs the run well are not necessarily good. Despite producing correct results, as expected, a program may still have problems. For instance, a program needs modification which can be very difficult in a complicated program. For this, flowcharting is very important and helpful to the programmer.

Structured programming refers to group of techniques used to make programming easier. When programmers use these techniques, less time is required, there are fewer errors, and programs are easier to modify. Structured programs rely on the use of subroutines.

What are subroutines? There are times when the computer should perform a specific task several times within a program, or even throughout many program. Rather than rewriting the same instructions every time the task needs to be done, a programmer can write the instructions once, as a subroutine, and the computer is directed to the subroutine whenever necessary. This also has something to do with a loop (in flowcharting), namely a sequence of instructions in a program that can be executed repetitively until an exit criterion is met. One loop cycle is called a pass, and a nested loop is a loop within a loop.

In a program flowchart, there is what is called decision tree. It is a type of program flowchart. The base of the tree is usually at the left, with branches drawn from left to right. The branches represent different outcomes to various decisions. Unlike other flowcharts, the branches are never rejoined.
With regard to programming, the differences between a decision tree and a decision table should be made. The decision tree is a diagram, while the decision table is a chart. Finally the term pseudo code, or simply a pseudo code design refers to a design resembling a correctly coded program. It is a sequence of English sentence that uses only a few words. These key words correspond to the structures found in the program instructions. Many people think pseudo code is easier to write and modify than program flowchart.

A. Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. How can a programmer write good programs?
2. How important is “structured programming”?
3. What is a Subroutine?
4. What is a decision tree?
5. What is a pseudo code design?
6. What is a decision table?
7. What is represented by the branches?
8. It in “it is a type of program flowchart” refers to …

Types of Computers

Digital and Analog
These two types of computers are very different; while the purpose of the digital computer is to count, the purpose of the analog computer is to measure. The digital computer is to count by utilizing series of digits to represents number by measuring succh things are electricity or temperature. The speedometer in a car work in much the same way as an analog computers works.

Compared to the analog computer, the digital computer is more accurate and veresatile. Unlike the digital computer, which has a very large number of applications in a variety of fields such as business and government, the analog computer is used mainly for scientific applications in laboratory environments.
Types of Digital Computer: Special Purpose and General Purpose
There are two types of digital computers – the special purpose and the general purpose computer. As its name implies, the special purpose computer is designed for a single and unique purpose. Examples of special computers are those in air traffic or military defense system. In contrast, the general purpose computer, as its name also implies, can have a variety of application in different areas. This is possible through the use of appropriate software, the same general purpose computer can be used for business, scientific, educational or even entertainment purposes.

Types of General Purposes Computers: Micros, Minis, and Mainframes
General purposes computers are also divided into diffferent types, depending upon the computer’s power, speed and size. There are three main types of general purposes computers – the small micro computer, the medium size mini computer, and the large mainframe. In spite of the fact that these computers are different, they all have the same basic components-a processor unit, input and output devices and secondary or auxiliary storage units. All computers also carry out the same basic functions.

The Micro Computers or the Personal Computer
The micro computer or personal computer is the smallest of all general purpose computers. The personal computer is designed to be used by only one person at a time. These computers are also “desk top” computers and are able to fit on top of a desk or a table. While personal computers may vary in size, most are fairy portable and can be carried from place to place. The micro computer is also designed to be “user friendly”, that is easily understood and operated by the average person. Micros are currently used for different purposes for many fields including business, the home and education. In business, personal computer can do many things, including computing payrolls, predicting a company’s future growth by carrying out complex analysis with financial planning programs, and producing colorful charts and graphs. In the home micros can be used for such things are balancing check books, typing letters, or playing games. Educational uses of micros include computer assisted instruction (CAI), which help artists draw pictures and musicians compose music.

Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. What are the characteristics of digital computer?
2. Compare and contrast the analog and the digital computer!
3. What are the differences between special purpose and general purpose computer?
4. How are general purpose computers divided into?
5. What is meant by “user friendly”?
6. How is micro computer used in business. home and education? Give example?
7. What is the other name for micro computer?
8. How many types of computers are there?
9. What does CAI stand for?
10. What are the same basic components of general purpose computers?

Software

Software, as it comes to be known, refers to the programs, that is the intagible components. The terms “software” is opposed to hardware as its counterpart, which refers to the physical components of the computer.
In designing a conputer system, there are a few procedures that should be followed. For instance, in a large system, such as one in a bank, the system is further divided into smaller program modules. Each modules performs a specific tasks. There is a module for individual customer accounts, another for corporate accounts, still another for employee payroll and so on. Each of these modules is then assigned to aprogrammer.

The programmer determines an algorithm, a series of steps to accomplish a given task. The next procedure is to design a program flowchart, that is a diagram of steps involved, using a template. Finally, from the program flowchart, the program is encoded into program instructions. These instructions will be used by computer to execute the program.

One important thing to consider is that each modules has to be debugged. During the design process, there are countless ways that bugs may creep in. For instance, the programmer may make a syntax error in a statement. In this case, the computer-a program which translates all the statements into machine language – will print a diagnostic message upon recognizing the incorrect syntax. The translation of all statements into machine language as previously stated is done in the compiulation run. The O’s and 1’s of the machine language are used by the CPU to execute the program.

A prepared test data is used to debug a program. When all smaller modules are properly running, they are grouped together, tested as a single module, and debugged. Once the overall program is working properly, then it is ready to go on line.
However, not all program are written this way. Programs are not always broken down into modules. There is one more important step, program should be debugged. Without documentation describing the system, further modification is very difficult.

Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. What is the difference between “software” and “hardware”?
2. What is the Indonesian word for “still”? (paragraph two)
3. What is meant by an alogaritm?
4. What can a program flowchart be designed?
5. On what basis are the program instructions made?
6. Why should a program be debugged?
7. What will print a disgnostic message?
8. When will a diagnostic message be printed?
9. How is a program debugged?
10. What is the last important thing about programming? why is it important?

Indosat - Net

“Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to Indosat-net. In this opportunity. I would like to tell you a little bit about Internet.
Internet is highly sophisticated means of communication. It is actually a combined use of computer and telephone. You have to install a modem in your computer of particular configuration , say window 95. After this session, our staff will show you how to install a modem. Let us now focus our attention to some termonologies that are used in Internet. You may know English well; but I think you will find it hard to understand special terms without explanation from the experts.

First, let me tell you the difference between dial-up and dedicated. The term dial-up means that you pay the bill depending on how often you make use of the internet; while dedicated means that you will have to pay a particular amount of money regardless of how often you use the Internet. Which one is better?

Next is WWW. It stands for World Wide Web. This facility can access information in the form of multimedia (text, picture, and voice). The advantages of using WWW include (1) the information is up to date), represented in various media, so that the user can easily make use of the information; (2) the user get the impression that he or she is really facing the things without directly seeing them. This is because of the multimedia.
Now, what is E-Mail (Electronic Mail)?. Linguistically it means a mail which is sent electronically. With this facility, you can just type the letter then press S-Key (send) or any other key depending on your internet system. Sending a mail from Semarang to Brisbane takes only 3 or 4 seconds.

Next is what is called newsgroup. This facility can be used for group discussion through internet. The user can select his or own group, even he or she can decide the issues and types of discussion. This facility, I think, has something to do with IRC (Internet Relay Chat). IRC, as it is called, is another type of communication without limit of distance, time, and place. The user can communnicates with other users of different continents with local pulses.
IRC has been developed into voice communication. Even now, it has become what is called video conference with some advantages, such as (1) global communication, meaning that we can communicate with anybody with local pulses; (2) meeting or conferencecan be held witghout limit of time, place, and distance, even betweeen continents; and (3) the user can “attend” in a lot conferences.

Finally, let us talk about Telnet. This facility enables a user to operate computer without being in front of them. The advantage of this facility is that a user should not move from place to another in order to operate a lot of computers. For example, a boss can control the book keeping computer at this office from his house. Therefore, he saves his time and transportation expenses. That’s all what I can say. Do you have any questions?

Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. What should you install in your computer bedore you can get access to internet?
2. What is the difference between dial-up networking and dedicated networking?
3. What can you do with WWW facility?
4. What is meant by IRC?
5. What can a user do with IRC?
6. What is the latest development or IRC?
7. What about the fee for IRC?
8. What facility is best for a boss? why?
9. What is good about E-Mail?
10. What is bad about E-Mail?

Fill the blanks with suitable words from the list below.
1. DELETE
2. BACKSPACE
3. ESCAPE
4. FONT
5. INSERT
6. SELECT
7. UNDO
8. SHIFT
9. ENTER
10. SAVE
11. TOOLS

1. Changing the ... means changing the size of the letters.
2. You can use the ... key to cancel the menu
3. The ... menu is used to cancel the previous command.
4. Wrongly typed words can be deleted by pressing the ... key.
5. Pressing the ... key along with typing a letter will result in a capital letter.
6. Blocking in wordstar in similar to ... (ing) in WP or MsWORD.
7. If you want to check the spelling, you will have to use the ... menu.
8. Do not forget to ... your document for future use.
9. If the ... key is off, you always overwrite the bext letter.
10. To ... means ti wipe out all files in the directory.

Translate the text into good Indonesian.
Internet, which stands for International Network, has become one of the most sophicticated means of communication. It is a combined use of computer and telephone. Another similar means of telecommunication is called facsimile, a combined use of telephone and photocopier.

Computer Literacy

Computer are everywhere. There is one in every digital watch and every pocket calculator. New cars, television sets, microwave ovens, and typewriters often have computers. Without computers, there would be no video games and no electronic toys. At the office, computers help people type, file information, and send messages back and forth. In the factory, computers guide robot arms that build cars.

Computers are making revolutionary changes in the way we life, play and work. Are these good changes? some people worry that we may become slaves to this new machine, totally dependent on it and no longer in control of our lives. Others see a brighter future in which people are masters and machines are helpers. Which future will actually happen?

The answer to that question depends on what you decide to do about the computer. You can decide that computers are too difficult and leave the whole subjects in the hands of the “experts”. Or you can decide to learn about computers and take control of them yourself. In other words, you can become computer literate.

It took you may years to master the skills of reading and writing, but these skills give you freedom. You do not have to depend on others to read street sign for you, or to tell you the latest news, or to write letters to friends or representatives in congress. You do not have to trust experts, you are literate. In the same way, your “math literacy” gives you freedom. You do not have to trust a math expert to tell you wheter three oranges for 80 cents is better buy than one orange for 25 cents. You are in control.

Computer literacy is like these other skills: it takes time and practice to learn, but it puts you in control of the computer expert. When you become computer literate, you will know two important things: (1) What things a computer can do and (2) how to do the things you want it to do.

VOCABULARY:
1. FILE
2. EXPERTS
3. PRACTICE
4. TYPE
5. SLAVES
6. CONTROL
7. MASTER
8. MACHINE
9. LITERATE
10. SKILL

TRANSLATE
1. A computer should take control of by human
2. Technology is changing over time in line with human needs
3. The train in Japan is almost never late. It has a tight and computer schedule
4. The difficulty of learning computer is how to tell the computer to do things we like it to do
5. The people in our computer industry are very professional

Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. What happens if there are no computers?
2. What can a computer do at the office?
3. What does “this new machine” refer to?
4. In what way can literacy give you freedom? give examples.
5. What can you do if you are computer literate?

Input and Output Devices

Input devices are used to transmit data to the CPU. If we wanted to add a series of number using the computer, the number to be added would be transmitted to the CPU by one of the following devices.
The computer terminal, perhaps, the most common input device in computer system (it is also used as an output device). It consists of a keyboard and a screen called CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). If punched cards are used as input in a particular computer system, then an input device known as a card reader is needed. The card reader “reads” the data in the punched holes by using wire brushes or light beam. It then converts, or changes, this data into electronic signals or pulses which can be understood by the computer.

The console is a computer terminal that has special functions. The computer operator uses this machine for several purposes. He or she can control the other manhines in the system and can enter input by means of the console. The operator can use the console to communicate with the other users by sending messages from the console to the individual terminals in the system.
Another input device that is used in some systems is called a Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MIRC). This machine “reads” characters made with magnetized ink and transmits the data to the CPU. Characters made with magnetic ink are readable by both humans and machines. A bank, for example, would use MIRC to input the account number on the bottom of a person check.

An input device that is used more and more frequently is the optical scanner or the optical mark recognition device. It is referred to as “optical” because it works in a way that is not dissimilar to the human eye works. Such as machine “reads” coded symbols and transmits them as an electrical signal to the CPU. Many standardized tests are graded by a computer. The data from these tests are entered by means of an optical mark recognition device. Many supermarkets use optical scanners prices and keep current inventories.

A magnetic tape drive is used to convert data stored ass magnetic tape into electrical signals which can be understood by the CPU as it function is as an input device. It can also be used as an output device when it is used to record output from the CPU on magnetic tape.

Other sophisticated input devices will become quite common in the near future. Voice input devices, for example which is also called speech recognition devices, will be a very popular input method. Handicapped people will be able to communicate with the CPU in some systems by means of eye movements. Although such input devices are very advanced, they will be seen often in computer systems over the next few years.

There are several types of output devices. Some of them, such as tape and disk drive and terminals, are used as input devices. When a terminal or video monitor is used as an output device, the information displayed on the screen is called sofy copy. This means that the information shown is temporary. Another kind of output device is needed to obtain a permanent copy of the information.

The device used to get a printed, permanent copy, or hard copy of the information is called a printer. Printers are divided into two major types: Impact and non impact. When an impact printer receive signals from the CPU, the characters in the printer strike the paper in much the same way as those in a typewriter hit the paper. Some of these printers print only one character at a time, although they can print approximately 900 characters a minute. Other impact printers, called line printers, print one line at a time.

Non impact printers are newer than impact printers. These printers operate by means of heat and heat-sensitive paper, electrical charges (positive or negative), or by laser beams. Some non impact printers can print to 5.000 lines per minute. In addition to being faster than impact printers, they will probably replace impact printers in the years to come because they can print special characters and can be used with special forms.

A plotter is a special kind of device that, like impact and non impact printers, also produces hard copy. It is used to display output in graphic, or picture form. Instead of actually printing the output, the plotter draws it.
The output device used in conjunction with punched cards is called a card punch. This machine receives signals from the CPU and converts these signals into the hollerith code. The coded information is then punched onto cards.

A. Answer the following questions based on the text above
1. Mention the components of computer system!
2. What special function does a console have?
3. What is the optical mark recognition used for?
4. How does a computer grade tests?
5. What is meant by MIRC?
6. What is the difference between soft copy and hard copy?
7. How does a card punch work?
8. Will non impact printers replace impact printers? Why?
9. “This machine receives......” What does “This” refer to?
10. What is used to display output in graphic, or picture form?