AGREEMENT OF SUBJECT AND VERB

Verb adalah kata yang melukiskan action atau tindakan yang dilakukan oleh subject. Apabila verb dalam bentuk tunggal (singular) maka subject juga harus dalam bentuk tunggal; bilamana verb dalam bentuk jamak (plural) maka verb juga harus dalam bentuk jamak. Jika subject berupa orang pertama, kedua, atau ketiga, bentuk verb disesuaikan. Peersesuaian antara subject dan verb ini disebut agreement. Perhatikan contoh berikut:
1. The manager meets the visitor in his office.
2. The managers meet the visitors in their office.

Dalam kalimat pertama subject berupa orang ketiga tunggal manager diikuti verb untuk orang ketiga tunggal meets.
Dalam kalimat kedua subject berupa orang ketiga jamak managers diikuti verb orang ketiga jamak meet.

Penambahan akhiran –s/-es pada subject kalimat kedua diatas menunjukkan bahwa subject adalah kata benda jamak. Tidak adanya penambahan –s/-es pada subject kalimat pertama menunjukkan bahwa subject berupa sebuah kata benda tunggal.

Akhirnya yang berupa penambahan –s/-es pada verb menyatakan bahwa verb tersebut berbentuk tunggal. Verb yang tidak disertai penambahan –s/-es berbentuk jamak. Ketentuan ini hanya berlaku pada present tense verbs saja.
Singular pronouns berikut ini tergolong singular. Apabila menduduki posisi subject kalimat maka digunakan singular verb.

Anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, one, nobody, no one, each, either, neither, nothing.

Example:
1. Anyone is eligible to apply for the position.
2. Anything goes.
3. Everybody here plans to attend.
4. Each person here is expected to contribute
5. Many a satisfied consumer has passed through these doors

Choose the form of the verb that agrees with the subject.
1. Many people (exercise, exercises) everyday.
2. Several items (am, is, are) out of stock.
3. Neither model (am, is, are) very expensive
4. Everyone (try, tries) to help
5. The folders (was, were) lying on your desk.
6. Neither report (was, were) accurate.
7. One of those machine (cost, costs) about $500
8. The owners of the store (plan, plans) to remodel it.
9. Neither of the reports (include, includes) charts.
10. The result (has, have) been increased sales.

RECOGNISING SUBJECTS AND PREDICATES

Kalimat adalah sekelompok kata yang mengungkapkan pikiran atau informasi. Setiap kalimat terdiri atas dua unsur pokok: Subject dan Predicate.

Subject adalah bagian kalimat yang menyatakan apa atau siapa yang menjadi pokok pembicaraan kalimat.

Predicate adalah bagian kalimat yang mengungkapkan apa yang dilakukan oleh subject, atau apa yang terjadi atas subject. Subject berupa noun atau pronoun dalam bentuk tunggal atau jamak. Predicate berupa verb atau verb phrase.

In each of the following sentences, separate the subject and predicate with a slash (/).
Examples:

• The employees/work in a business firm.
• The target of business/is consumers

1. A business produces goods and services.
2. Individuals own the factors of production.
3. Business needs people as owners, managers, employees and consumers.
4. People need business for the production of goods and services.
5. A manager is responsible for operating the business.
6. A professional manager attempts to achieve the objective of the business.
7. Employees supply the skills and abilities.
8. They expect to receive a wage.
9. The consumers want better goods and services.
10. A business enterprise attempts to satisfy such business.
11. The human element is the core of business.
12. A consumer is a person or a business that purchase a product of as business.
13. The profit motive is the desire to make a profit as reward for taking risk.
14. Profit is total sales minus the cost of production.
15. A profit is not always gained.

LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT STYLES

LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT STYLES

What is the difference between leadership and management?
Management
This is the process of setting objectives and making the most efficient use of financial, human and physical resources to achieve these objectives. Key tasks include planning, control and co-ordination.

Leadership
Influencing others to achieve certain aims or objectives. Effective leadership skills can help a manager to carry out their duties

What do Leaders do?
• Decide upon objectives for the organisation
• Provide expertise and set standards fort the organisation
• Decide upon company structure and shape the culture of the business

What makes a good leader?
A good leader will be informed and knowledgeable about matters relating to the business
A good leader should be self-motivated and desire to achieve great things
A good leader should possess an air for authority
A good leader would have the ability to think creatively and to solve problems

Styles of Leadership…
There are three basic categories of leadership style…
Autocratic or authoritarian leadership
Paternalistic leadership
Democratic leadership

Authoritarian or Autocratic Leadership
Such leaders would have considerable sympathy with the views expressed by Taylor.
Such leaders…
• Take decisions with little involvement of junior employees
• Allocate tasks
• Set objectives
• Will contain total control throughout

Commonly Confused Words

Words that sound alike or nearly alike but have different meanings often cause writers trouble. Here are a few of the most common pairs with correct definitions and examples:





• ACCEPT-to receive
He accepts defeat well.

EXCEPT-to take or leave out
Please take all the books off the shelf except for the red one.

• AFFECT-to influence
Lack of sleep affects the quality of your work.

EFFECT-n., result, v., to accomplish
The subtle effect of the lighting made the room look ominous.

Can the university effect such a change without disrupting classes?

• A LOT (two words)-many.

ALOT (one word)-Not the correct form.

• ALLUSION-an indirect reference
The professor made an allusion to Virginia Woolf's work.

ILLUSION-a false perception of reality
They saw a mirage: that is a type of illusion one sees in the desert.

• ALL READY-prepared
Dinner was all ready when the guests arrived.

ALREADY-by this time
The turkey was already burned when the guests arrived.

• ALTOGETHER-entirely
Altogether, I thought that the student's presentation was well planned.

ALL TOGETHER-gathered, with everything in one place
We were all together at the family reunion last spring.

• APART-to be separated
The chain-link fence kept the angry dogs apart. OR My old car fell apart before we reached California.

A PART-to be joined with
The new course was a part of the new field of study at the university. OR A part of this plan involves getting started at dawn.

• ASCENT- climb
The plane's ascent made my ears pop.

ASSENT-agreement
The martian assented to undergo experiments.

• BREATH-noun, air inhaled or exhaled
You could see his breath in the cold air.

BREATHE-verb, to inhale or exhale
If you don't breathe, then you are dead.

• CAPITAL-seat of government. Also financial resources.
The capital of Virginia is Richmond.

The firm had enough capital to build the new plant.

CAPITOL-the actual building in which the legislative body meets
The governor announced his resignation in a speech given at the capitol today.

• CITE-to quote or document
I cited ten quotes from the same author in my paper.

SIGHT-vision
The sight of the American flag arouses different emotions in different parts of the world.

SITE-position or place
The new office building was built on the site of a cemetary.

• COMPLEMENT-noun, something that completes; verb, to complete
A nice dry white wine complements a seafood entree.

COMPLIMENT-noun, praise; verb, to praise
The professor complimented Betty on her proper use of a comma.

• CONSCIENCE-sense of right and wrong
The student's conscience kept him from cheating on the exam.

CONSCIOUS-awake
I was conscious when the burglar entered the house.

• COUNCIL-a group that consults or advises
The men and women on the council voted in favor of an outdoor concert in their town.

COUNSEL-to advise
The parole officer counseled the convict before he was released.

• ELICIT-to draw or bring out
The teacher elicited the correct response from the student.

ILLICIT-illegal
The Columbian drug lord was arrested for his illicit activities.

• EMINENT-famous, respected
The eminent podiatrist won the Physician of the Year award.

IMMANENT-inherent or intrinsic
The meaning of the poem was immanent, and not easily recognized.

IMMINENT-ready to take place
A fight between my sister and me is imminent from the moment I enter my house.

• ITS-of or belonging to it
The baby will scream as soon as its mother walks out of the room.

IT'S-contraction for it is
It's a beautiful day in the neighborhood.

• LEAD-noun, a type of metal
Is that pipe made of lead?

LED-verb, past tense of the verb "to lead"
She led the campers on an over-night hike.

• LIE-to lie down (a person or animal. hint: people can tell lies)
I have a headache, so I'm going to lie down for a while.

(also lying, lay, has/have lain--The dog has lain in the shade all day; yesterday, the dog lay there for twelve hours).

LAY-to lay an object down.
"Lay down that shotgun, Pappy!" The sheriff demanded of the crazed moonshiner.

The town lay at the foot of the mountain.

(also laying, laid, has/have laid--At that point, Pappy laid the shotgun on the ground).

• LOSE--verb, to misplace or not win
Mom glared at Mikey. "If you lose that new lunchbox, don't even think of coming home!"

LOOSE--adjective, to not be tight; verb (rarely used)--to release
The burglar's pants were so loose that he was sure to lose the race with the cop chasing him.
While awaiting trial, he was never set loose from jail because no one would post his bail.

• NOVEL-noun, a book that is a work of fiction. Do not use "novel" for nonfiction; use "book" or "work."
Mark Twain wrote his novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn when he was already well known, but before he published many other works of fiction and nonfiction.

• PASSED-verb, past tense of "to pass," to have moved
The tornado passed through the city quickly, but it caused great damage.

PAST-belonging to a former time or place
Who was the past president of Microsquish Computers?

Go past the fire station and turn right.

• PRECEDE-to come before
Pre-writing precedes the rough draft of good papers.

PROCEED-to go forward
He proceeded to pass back the failing grades on the exam.

• PRINCIPAL-adjective, most important; noun, a person who has authority
The principal ingredient in chocolate chip cookies is chocolate chips.

The principal of the school does the announcements each morning.

PRINCIPLE-a general or fundamental truth
The study was based on the principle of gravity.

• QUOTE-verb, to cite
I would like to quote Dickens in my next paper.

QUOTATION-noun, the act of citing
The book of famous quotations inspired us all.

• STATIONARY-standing still
The accident was my fault because I ran into a stationary object.

STATIONERY-writing paper
My mother bought me stationery that was on recycled paper.

• SUPPOSED TO-correct form for "to be obligated to" or "presumed to" NOT "suppose to"

SUPPOSE-to guess or make a conjecture
Do you suppose we will get to the airport on time? When is our plane supposed to arrive? We are supposed to check our bags before we board, but I suppose we could do that at the curb and save time.

• THAN-use with comparisons
I would rather go out to eat than eat at the dining hall.

THEN-at that time, or next
I studied for my exam for seven hours, and then I went to bed.

• THEIR-possessive form of they
Their house is at the end of the block.

THERE-indicates location (hint: think of "here and there")
There goes my chance of winning the lottery!

THEY'RE-contraction for "they are"
They're in Europe for the summer--again!

• THROUGH-by means of; finished; into or out of
He plowed right through the other team's defensive line.

THREW-past tense of throw
She threw away his love love letters.

THOROUGH-careful or complete
John thoroughly cleaned his room; there was not even a speck of dust when he finished.

THOUGH-however; nevertheless
He's really a sweetheart though he looks tough on the outside.

THRU-abbreviated slang for through; not appropriate in standard writing
We're thru for the day!

• TO-toward
I went to the University of Richmond.

TOO-also, or excessively
He drank too many screwdrivers and was unable to drive home.

TWO-a number
Only two students did not turn in the assignment.

• WHO-pronoun, referring to a person or persons
Jane wondered how Jack, who is so smart, could be having difficulties in Calculus.

WHICH-pronoun, replacing a singular or plural thing(s);not used to refer to persons
Which section of history did you get into?

THAT-used to refer to things or a group or class of people
I lost the book that I bought last week.

• WHO-used as a subject or as a subject complement (see above)
John is the man who can get the job done.

WHOM-used as an object
Whom did Sarah choose as her replacement?

Nilai Bahasa Inggris semester 2

Nilai Bahasa Inggris 2 Universitas AKI Ngabang th 2009
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The Magic Sound

Alexander Graham Bell is famous for the invention of telecommunication, one of the important devices that has helped to build modern live. Born in Edinburg, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. Bell was educated at Edinburg High School and at the Edinburgh Universities of Edinburgh and London. Teaching deaf people was the Bell family’s profession. His grandfather has also taught deaf people in Scotland. Alexander Graham Bell did not only teach the deaf, he did even more than that. He opened a private school to train teachers for the deaf.

At Boston University he studied the sciences of speech and later he became a professor there. In 1874 he started working on his electricity merely to help the deaf. He tried to discover a way through which people could talk other over short distance through a string of wire. So, he experimented to send sound vibrations over long distance by using electricity.

In 1875, after Thomas A. Watson had become his assistant, the two of them found that the vibrations could be send from one place to another by using electronic current. Early in 1876 the first message “Mr. Watson, come here; I want you” was sent successfully by Bell over an electronic wire to Watson two floors above.

Bell’s telephone consisted on two similar instruments; one for the transmitter and the other for the receiver. Each one had an electro-magnet, consisting of a piece iron which was made magnetic by wire carrying an electronic current coiled around it. They are very thin sheet of iron, called line wires, joining the transmitter to the receiver. Speech sound waves caused the diaphragms of the transmitting instrument to vibrate in tune with the vibrations in the transmitter. Thus, the sounds delivered to the receiver were heard coming from the transmitter a long distance away.

Answer the following questions based on the text above!
1. What did Bell have in mind when in 1874 he started his effort to invent a device for sending speech?
2. What was the first message Bell sent?
3. What was the function of the coiled around you?
4. Where did Bell study the science of speech?
5. When did Thomas A. Watson become his assistant?
6. How was the transmitter and receiver connected?
7. Mention the instruments of Bell’s telephone!
8. Where was diaphragm put?

Electronic Media

At the end of the nineteenth century newspaper were the main public sources of information. At the end of the twentieth century, was still have newspaper, but they are no longer the main sources of information. Nowadays we have the electronic media, the internet, radio and television.
The electronic media link Indonesia to the rest of the world. The electronic media make us part of global village. If we want to find out what is happening in Europe of the United States, we can listen to satellite TV stations, such as BBC or CNN. We can talk in English to people from all over the world.

In the twenty first century the internet will be the most important source of information. Even now there is so much information on the internet. Soon people will not buy newspaper from kiosks anymore. They will read electronic newspaper on internet. All the television channel will be on the internet. If you get tried of watching TVRI, you will be able to switch to a New York Channel or a channel from Argentina or Ireland.

Answer the following questions based on the reading above!
1. According to the text what are the main sources of information now?
2. Which of the electronic media help us find out what the ordinary people think?
3. According to the writer, what will be the main source of information in the twenty first century?
4. Where will people read electronic newspaper?
5. How can we find out what normal people in many countries think?